Barbara Wilson, MD


A 5-year-old girl presented with a 2-day history of a widespread pruritic rash that began while the family was on vacation. The rash appeared suddenly as small pink macules and progressed to papules and pustules. Her brother had a similar-appearing but milder rash. She denied fever, chills, or constitutional symptoms. On further questioning, her father reported that she and her brother had been in a hot tub at their vacation home.

The otherwise well-appearing patient had numerous 2- to 4-mm papules and pustules with surrounding erythema scattered on her trunk, arms, and legs.

 folliculitis, was diagnosed. This community-acquired bacterial infection of the hair follicle occurs after exposure to contained, contaminated water.

The ubiquitous gram-negative bacterial organism that causes hot tub folliculitis, 

 gains entry through hair follicles or via breaks in the skin. Minor trauma from wax depilation, vigorous rubbing with sponges, or shaving may facilitate the entry of organisms into the skin. Hot water, prolonged water exposure, excessive numbers of bathers, and inadequate pool or hot tub care are all associated with outbreaks of hot tub folliculitis.

Hot tub folliculitis is characterized by the onset of a rash usually 48 hours after exposure to contaminated water; however, it can occur as long as 14 days after exposure. Lesions begin as pruritic, erythematous macules that progress to papules and pustules. The rash usually clears spontaneously within 2 to 10 days, rarely recurs, and heals without scarring.

The differential diagnosis includes acne, bromide sensitivity, staphylococcal folliculitis, and gram-negative folliculitis-an uncommon complication of prolonged antibiotic use in patients with acne and associated with 

 species. The diagnosis of hot tub folliculitis is usually made after a thorough history and physical examination. However, it can be verified by results of bacterial culture growth from either a fresh pustule or a sample of contaminated water.

Adequate chlorination of the hot tub is necessary to prevent recurrences and to protect others from infection. Symptomatic relief may be achieved through the use of acetic acid 5% compresses for 20 minutes, 2 to 4 times a day.

Articles

A 5-year-old girl presented with a 2-day history of a widespread pruritic rash that began while the family was on vacation. The rash appeared suddenly as small pink macules and progressed to papules and pustules. Her brother had a similar-appearing but milder rash. She denied fever, chills, or constitutional symptoms. On further questioning, her father reported that she and her brother had been in a hot tub at their vacation home.

Hot Tub Folliculitis in a 5-Year-Old Girl

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This tender lesion on the right cheek of a 4-year-old white girl had appeared shortly after her birth. It had subsequently enlarged for about 3 years before stabilizing. Physical examination revealed an erythematous arcuate plaque with a slightly thickened border that extended from the right oral commissure onto the right cheek. There was no family history of similar lesions, and the child was otherwise healthy. 

 What is this lesion? What disorders would you include in the differential?

 A 10-month-old child presented with this gradually enlarging lesion on his upper back that had first appeared when he was 2 months old. On physical examination, there was a 2.5-cm yellow plaque with surrounding similar-appearing satellite papules. Histological examination of a biopsy specimen showed a histiocytic infiltrate and foamy histiocytes. The patient was asymptomatic.

The differential diagnosis included hemangioma of infancy, angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and eccrine angiomatous hamartoma, in addition to other vascular malformations and tumors. A biopsy was obtained and histopathological examination revealed a "cannon ball" pattern of highly cellular capillaries without cellular atypia. These findings confirmed a diagnosis of tufted angioma.

 Treatment with a 585-nm pulsed dye laser did not diminish the lesion. The patient was followed in the clinic for 3 years, during which time the angioma remained stable and the tenderness decreased.

 Tufted angiomas-also known as angioblastoma of Nakagawa-are rare benign vascular tumors predominantly seen in patients younger than 5 years. However, the tumors can occur at any time throughout life. Both sexes are affected equally.

The name is derived from the presence of clusters of capillary tufts that are surrounded by lymphatic vessels in the lower dermis.

 Tufted angiomas are most often located on the trunk, neck, and shoulders and can range from several millimeters to several centimeters in size. They generally grow slowly over several months to years. Unlike hemangiomas of infancy, tufted angiomas rarely regress. A few cases of congenital tufted angiomas have been reported, and it has been suggested that lesions that appear at or shortly after birth may have a greater rate of regression than those that appear later in life.

Clinically, the tumors generally have a rubbery consistency and are often tender. They may also be covered by lanugo hair. Proliferation of eccrine glands can lead to hyperhidrosis. There are rare reports of tufted angioma as a cause of Kasabach-Merrit syndrome.

Histological examination of a biopsy specimen is required to confirm the diagnosis. Laboratory study results are generally normal. MRI may be indicated if muscle or fascia involvement is suspected. 

Observation is the recommended therapy for isolated tufted angiomas. NSAIDs can provide relief during painful episodes, and some studies have suggested that topical, intralesional or systemic corticosteroids, and interferon alfa may be beneficial. However, data are limited because of the rarity of the condition. Surgical excision may be indicated for cosmetic reasons, if functionality is compromised, or if the lesion is painful. However, surgery is not always practical for large lesions. Other treatments, including cryosurgery, radiation, electrocoagulation, pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light,

 have shown limited success in this setting. 

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) most often manifests at birth, infancy, or childhood. It is a benign, self-limited, red to yellow papule or nodule that may be solitary or multiple. It usually regresses spontaneously with little change to the affected skin.

It is most often found on the skin of the head, neck, trunk, and upper extremities. However, manifestations can occur in the eye or visceral organs.

The cause of JXG is unknown. Biopsy findings reveal a time-dependent progression. Early specimens reveal a dense histiocytic infiltrate in the dermis. Older lesions contain giant cells and foamy histiocytes.

JXG may represent a granulomatous reaction to an unidentified stimulus.

 JXG itself is benign, but it can be associated with a variety of other multisystemic diseases, including type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1). Retrospective analysis shows that JXG develops in as many as 1 in 5 children who have NF1 before age 3 years.

The appearance of multiple JXGs has also been associated with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, especially in patients with coexisting NF1. Therefore, patients who have both NF1 and JXG need to be monitored for the development of leukemia.

Ocular lesions of JXG can lead to glaucoma and blindness; affected patients should be referred to an ophthalmologist.

JXG is said to be giant when lesions are greater than 2 cm in diameter. The clinical diagnosis of such lesions can be difficult, and biopsy is often necessary to rule out more worrisome tumors. The natural history of giant JXG is uncertain. However, it appears to favor the benign, self-limited nature of the smaller lesions.

Nonoperative management with observation is advisable, with surgical intervention available as necessary. 

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Author | Barbara Wilson, MD

Articles

Hot Tub Folliculitis in a 5-Year-Old Girl

Tufted Angioma and Juvenile Xanthogranuloma