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 and joined the MJH Life Sciences team in December 2019. She graduated from Youngstown State University in 2019 with a bachelor's degree in journalism and a minor in political science. Prior to graduating, Morgan worked as the editor-in-chief of her college newspaper. She went on to work as an assignment editor at a broadcast news station in Youngstown, Ohio before joining 

 You can reach her at mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com.

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. He joined the brand in March of 2023 as an editor before being promoted to senior editor in January 2024. Fitch graduated from Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio in 2020 with a degree in telecommunications and journalism. He started his career as a news and sports videographer before becoming an on-air sports anchor at the NBC-affiliated news station in Youngstown. Fitch briefly worked as a national content writer for a Chicago-based national television station before joining the 

team. He can be reached at: jfitch@mjhlifesciences.com.

A look back at the FDA submissions and regulatory decisions in the pediatric health care space from April 2025.

FDA news in pedatrics: April 2025

In this article, we recap our top stories, expert interviews, and Q+A discussions from the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting.

Full recap from the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting

Lea Widdice, MD, is director of the Adolescent Medicine Fellowship and associate professor at the University of Cincinnati Department of Pediatrics in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lea Widdice, MD, details her recent presentation at PAS 2025 on OTC STI testing within pediatrics.

Uncovering the pediatrician's role in OTC STI testing, with Lea Widdice, MD

Stealth BioTherapeutics' CEO stated, "We hope to gain more information on the revised action date in the coming days." 

Elamipretide to treat Barth syndrome sees FDA target action delay

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Evaluate and treat a toddler&s injured loose tooth or lacerated gum in your practice? Or refer these cases to a dental specialist? It all depends?on the injury, the child, and you.

Trauma to primary teeth: Setting a steady management course for the office

**Editor's Note** Please note that starting January 1, 2025, we will be switching to an online-exclusive publication process. This will allow us to publish case submissions quicker without having to deal with the variables that come along with print publication. All cases will still be eligible for print publication consideration, but publication in our print magazine is not guaranteed and will be up to the editor's discretion. 

Do you have a puzzling pediatric case that you’d like to share with the readers of 

We are looking for intriguing diagnoses that have stumped the experts—a diagnostic “Puzzler”—to help our physicians enhance their day-to-day practices. If you have such a story to tell, tell us.

Here’s what to do: Before you begin, we suggest that first you review the Puzzler 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/case-studies

. Please note the specific style required for writing Puzzler manuscripts.

Next, prepare a draft of your case, including a summary of the presenting symptoms, a case overview, a 

table of the differential diagnosis (MANDATORY)

, and the special aspects of your case that qualify it as a Puzzler, and send it to us. Please note that the differential diagnosis table should also be discussed in the body text. We’ll review your draft and let you know what you need to add or revise before we send the manuscript to peer review for evaluation.

Puzzlers vary in length, and we suggest a minimum of 1,200 words up to a maximum of 2,000 words, but that is because of the complexity of some cases and whether some patients returned for many assessments before their diagnoses were determined. Also, some authors describe the pathophysiology of the differentials in great detail. Please also note no more than 3 authors are allowed per article.

What's most important is to show us the process that you used to analyze the case, including:

Why you decided to order certain tests and why you did not order others.

Peer consultations or why you elected to contact other specialists.

Lab values including vital signs or blood tests.

Labs and values if your patient was attended to in the emergency department or other hospital departments such as radiology or neurology.

Discussion related to the possible diagnoses.

Final diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up.

Remember to indicate numbered citations within the body of the text and include a complete list of corresponding literature/references at the end of the manuscript. (Do not use any citation management programs or unlink them.) 

Limit references to 25. No references (unless it is a seminal study) can be older than 10 years.

We prefer primary research as references, but some cases are so obscure that authors will need to pull from a variety of sources. However, 

. Be advised that peer reviewers are adamant that the disease/disorder you describe was actually diagnosed and not determined by index of suspicion on the basis of ruling out various differentials. We use AMA11 as our publication style, which uses superscript citation numbers and a corresponding numbered reference list. Please create your citations and references in this style.  Check this recent article posted online at 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/the-rx-of-adhd

 for examples of reference style. IMPORTANT NOTE WITH AMA 11TH EDITION: PLEASE PUT DOI OR WEBSITES/URLS AT THE END OF THE REFERENCE LINE.

When you send your draft manuscript, also 

. These image files must be high-resolution jpg or tiff files (minimum of 300 dpi) and as large in size as possible. We suggest a minimum of 7 horizontal inches. The images must be original photos with clear permissions to use, not images from copyrighted sources. Send as separate attachments with your e-mail submission; do not embed images into your manuscript document.

After we receive your manuscript, our editors and peer reviewers will review your draft and let you know if we accept your submission for publication. 

Puzzler is one of the departments for which we receive the most submissions, so it may be several months after submission before you receive feedback from us.

If we do accept your submission for publication, we will contact you with further instructions.

Send your submissions in Microsoft Word format to 

, via e-mail to mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com

Guidelines for PUZZLER, Contemporary Pediatrics

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis. 

 on Wednesday, March 26, 2025 at 12:00 PM ET or later for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis. The full case will be presented as a separate article on our home page.

This case was presented by Ngozi I. Eboh, MD, FAAP, FHM, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas

A 13-year-old female with a history of iron deficiency anemia presented with altered mental status preceded by 5 days of headache, vomiting, nausea, and worsening somnolence that was not responsive to flumazenil, naloxone, or ammonia salts. She had a Glasgow coma scale of 12 and was drowsy with no cranial nerve deficits, or other abnormal physical examination findings. Laboratory evaluation showed microcytic anemia (hemoglobin 7.7 g/dL and MCV (mean corpuscular volume):64.7, lymphocytosis, and mildly elevated liver enzymes [Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 52, Alanine Transaminase (ALT) 110] otherwise her electrolytes and kidney function were normal. 

Urine toxicology, Tylenol level, Salicylate level, alcohol level thyroid studies, iron studies, hepatitis panel were normal. Urine pregnancy and COVID tests were negative. Head computed tomography (Head CT) showed mild hydrocephalus, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed increased signal folia and compression of the lower portion of the fourth ventricle and foramen of Magendie. 

She then had an emergency external ventricular drain placed (EVD) by pediatric neurosurgery, and the team started her on high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). On the third day of admission, she developed new onset left-sided facial drooping, drooling, downbeat nystagmus, and difficulty following commands. An emergent subcortical craniectomy and decompression, duraplasty, and cerebellar biopsy were performed. A cerebellar biopsy was performed due to findings on brain MRI.

Click here for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis.

Can you diagnose this patient? Take our poll and find out! Then check back for the full case, differential diagnosis, and correct diagnosis. 

News

Case Studies

Poll: Can you diagnose this 13-year-old female with altered mental status?

New research led by Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP, shows 10.6% of newborns have iron deficiency, supporting a push for earlier screening.

The necessity for iron deficiency screening at birth with Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP

At the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP—neonatologist at Thomas Jefferson University and Nemours Children's Health—presented findings from her team's prospective study highlighting the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) at birth and the need for early screening.

"In the past, everybody used to think that babies are never born iron deficient because they scavenge all the iron for mom," Kennady explained. "But now, more and more studies have come out saying that this scavenging doesn't happen in all babies." Kennady emphasized that factors such as prematurity, placental insufficiency, maternal anemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcoholism disrupt fetal iron transfer.

The study prospectively analyzed 396 infants by collecting umbilical cord blood samples and assessing complete blood counts, reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He), serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation (TS). ID was defined as serum ferritin ≤50 ng/mL or TS ≤30%. Overall, 10.6% of infants were found to be iron deficient, including 11.2% of high-risk infants and 8.1% of no-risk infants, at birth.

Further stratification revealed 8.3% of preterm infants, 10.4% of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, 13.5% of infants born to mothers with diabetes, 12.9% with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and 11.7% with maternal anemia were iron deficient at birth. 

"With these high prevalence rates, we should be prioritizing early screening and identification of iron deficiency at birth," Kennady stated. "Studies have shown that if babies are iron deficient, there is long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Treatment is a pretty low-risk treatment, widely available, low-cost treatment, which is iron supplementation," added Kennady. 

Plans are underway for larger studies and randomized trials to determine whether universal screening is warranted.

Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP has no relavent disclosures.

Kennady G, Huang R, Bodycot KC, et al. Assessing the necessity for Iron deficiency screening at birth: Are we missing critical intervention opportunities? Poster. Presented at: Pediatric Academic Societies 2025 Meeting; April 24-28, 2025. Honolulu, Hawaii.

New research led by Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP, showed that 10.6% of newborns have iron deficiency, supporting a push for earlier screening.

Necessity for iron deficiency screenings at birth with Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP

Recent Advances in Pediatric Pneumonia Management

Emerging research in pediatric pneumonia management was highlighted by Jillian Cotter, MD, MSCS, assistant professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Denver, Colorado, during a presentation at the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) Meeting.

"The most emergent evidence that we have over the last five to 10 years has really focused on antibiotic duration for kids with pneumonia," Cotter said. Multiple placebo-controlled randomized trials have shown that shorter antibiotic courses—specifically five days—are noninferior, and in some cases superior, to longer regimens of seven to ten days. Cotter explained, "They see kids reach their clinical response similar times, so fever, duration, resolution of symptoms, and have similar adverse events associated with the antibiotics with fewer days of antibiotic therapy."

Despite most of the robust evidence stemming from outpatient studies, hospitals such as the University of Colorado have extrapolated these findings to the inpatient setting. "We are doing 5 days, and we've updated our internal clinical pathways to recommend 5 days for kids hospitalized with uncomplicated pneumonia, and have had really great adoption from that," Cotter noted.

Diagnostic challenges persist in pediatric pneumonia. Unlike urinary tract infections, where direct bacterial detection is possible, pneumonia lacks a definitive diagnostic test. Cotter commented, "There's no great diagnostic tool to say whether you have pneumonia, yes or no, or whether you have a bacteria or a virus." Tests such as procalcitonin and respiratory viral panels have limitations. Procalcitonin-guided algorithms have produced mixed results and have not seen widespread adoption in pediatric settings. Similarly, respiratory pathogen panels have not significantly altered clinical management due to concerns about co-infection and colonization.

Emerging technologies, including inflammatory marker panels and cell-free DNA sequencing, offer promise but also face limitations. Cell-free DNA assays have shown improved pathogen detection and faster diagnosis, yet specificity remains a concern, complicating the distinction between colonization and true infection.

Antibiotic stewardship remains central to improving outcomes. "Antibiotic stewardship is always thinking about ways to reduce antibiotic exposure to kids," Cotter emphasized. Strategies include prioritizing narrow-spectrum agents, minimizing duration of therapy, and favoring oral over intravenous routes whenever possible to reduce adverse events, maintain gut microbiome integrity, and lower healthcare costs.

As new diagnostic and therapeutic evidence continues to emerge, clinicians must balance evolving research with careful clinical judgment to optimize care for children with pneumonia.

Pfizer Inc (Ongoing) (Products/Services: Research Support, including clinical trials & the principal or named investigator).

Cotter J. Putting the 'Pnew' in Pneumonia. Presentation. Presented at: Pediatric Academic Societies 2025 Meeting; April 24-28, 2025. Honolulu, Hawaii.

"We've updated our internal clinical pathways to recommend 5 days for kids hospitalized with uncomplicated pneumonia," Cotter noted.

Jillian Cotter, MD, MSCS, on recent advances in pediatric pneumonia management

Youth cannabis use and depression, suicidal behavior, with Jesse Hinckley, MD, PhD

In a session at the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, Jesse Hinckley, MD, PhD, presented findings linking cannabis use to major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior among adolescents, drawing from a secondary analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey—Adolescent Supplement (NCSA).

"Both trends have been on the increase or on the rise over the last decade or so," Hinckley explained, citing growing concerns over cannabis legalization and the lagging pace of related scientific research. Hinckley is as associate professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. He emphasized the importance of studying cannabis use given its increasing prevalence among youth and the significant associations found between cannabis use, depression, and suicidality.

In the study, adolescents with lifetime cannabis use had 2.07 times higher odds of mild or moderate major depressive disorder (MDD) and 3.32 times higher odds of severe MDD compared to non-users (

, 95% CI = 2.31-4.75). "We could see that using cannabis was also associated with not just the prevalence, but also the severity of major depressive disorder," Hinckley said. Further analysis demonstrated that lifetime cannabis use was associated with a 6.90 times higher odds of lifetime suicide attempt, even after controlling for major depression (

, 95% CI = 4.67-10.19). "When we looked at lifetime suicide attempt after accounting for whether or not they had a major depressive disorder, those who had used cannabis in their lifetime were 6.9 times more likely to have attempted suicide," Hinckley stated.

Importantly, the study also explored the impact of frequency of cannabis use. Adolescents who used cannabis three to four days per week or more had an 8.7 times higher odds of attempting suicide, and even less frequent users (less than monthly) had a 4.9 times higher odds of suicide attempt compared to non-users. "When we look at what we can colloquially call like that dose effect, whereas exposure goes up, the outcome goes up, that lets us know that, 'oh, maybe there really is something here,'" Hinckley noted. "If you lecture these kids, they've been lectured by so many people, they kind of just shut it off," he said. Instead, Hinckley recommends using motivational interviewing techniques to "help them bring those 2 things back together" and increase awareness about the risks.

The findings underscore the critical need for pediatricians and mental health providers to screen for cannabis use when assessing suicidality risks in adolescents. "Having active substance use problems is one of the things that can help distinguish those who have suicidal thoughts from those who will then act on those thoughts," Hinckley concluded.

Hinckley J, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, He JP, et al. Cannabis Use Is Associated With Depression Severity and Suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey—Adolescent Supplement. 

Hinckley J. Cannabis use and suicidal behavior in youth. Hot Topic Symposia session. Presented at: Pediatric Academic Societies 2025 Meeting; April 24-28, 2025. Honolulu, Hawaii.

At PAS 2025, Jesse Hinckley, MD, PhD, presented data showing cannabis use sharply increases odds of depression and suicidal behavior in youth.

Jennifer Nestor, MD, evaluated a digital stethoscope to validate pediatric breath sound recordings for potential machine learning algorithm development.

Validating digital stethoscope for pediatric breath sounds, with Jennifer Nestor, MD

A recent study led by Jennifer Nestor, MD, fellow physician at Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, evaluated the effectiveness of digital stethoscope technology in recording pediatric breath sounds for clinical and educational use. The poster, titled “Validation of a Digital Stethoscope for Recording and Identification of Pediatric Breath Sounds to Aid in Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm,” was presented at the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii.

The project emerged from Nestor’s experience during her fellowship, which coincided with a national albuterol shortage amid a surge in pediatric respiratory illnesses. “We were working with a week’s worth of albuterol nebulized therapy for our patients, and trying to sort of be really judicious about where we were using the therapy,” Nestor said.

Faced with limited resources and high patient volume, Nestor and her colleagues saw an opportunity to explore how digital auscultation could optimize bedside decision-making. The prospective observational study recorded breath sounds from children younger than 18 years using EkoCore digital stethoscope technology. Recordings were captured from up to 10 positions and classified in real time by the bedside clinician. These same recordings were later assessed independently by five expert listeners, blinded to original classifications.

“There is no gold standard [for pulmonary auscultation],” Nestor explained. “The gold standard is the trained professional who’s listening to the patient at the bedside and hearing specific things.”

The study’s primary aim was to assess interrater and intrarater reliability using Cohen’s kappa and Fleiss' kappa to evaluate agreement between bedside and remote listeners. “My kappa values all fell within the fair to moderate agreement range,” Nestor said, citing background noise and extraneous patient movement as factors impacting classification accuracy.

Rebecca L Slayton

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