Animal Allergies

Food Allergies

Allergy, Immunology, and ENT

Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiology

Acne

Atopic Dermatitis

Dermatology

Emergency Medicine

Diabetes

Endocrinology

Formula

Nutrition

Obesity

Gastroenterology

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

COVID-19

Influenza

Pneumonia

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Vaccination and Immunization

Vaccines

Infectious Diseases

ADHD

Addiction

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Anxiety

Autism

Depression

Developmental/Behavioral Disorders

Psychiatry

Mental, Behavioral and Development Health

Concussion

Epilepsy

Headache

Neurology

Neonatal/Perinatology

OB/GYN

Pain

Drug Pipeline News

Pharmacology

Telemedicine

Practice Improvement

Asthma

Cystic Fibrosis

Respiratory

Rheumatology

News 

All News

PNP Corner

AAP News

Media

Around the Practice

Cure Connections

Expert Interviews

Insights

Medical World News

Peer Exchange

Peers & Perspectives

Podcasts

Webinars

Puzzler

Publications

Contemporary Pediatrics Journal

Supplements And Featured Publications

CME/CE

Resources

Handouts

Job Board

Conferences

Conference Coverage

Conference Listing

Partnerships

Subscribe

Editorial

Editorial Advisory Board

Writer’s Guidelines

Reference Guidelines

Meet the Editors

“Tamarah Westmoreland, MD, Pediatric surgeon, Nemours Children’s Health, Orlando, Florida; Professor of surgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine”

Articles

. He joined the brand in March of 2023 as an editor before being promoted to senior editor in January 2024. Fitch graduated from Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio in 2020 with a degree in telecommunications and journalism. He started his career as a news and sports videographer before becoming an on-air sports anchor at the NBC-affiliated news station in Youngstown. Fitch briefly worked as a national content writer for a Chicago-based national television station before joining the 

team. He can be reached at: jfitch@mjhlifesciences.com.

A PAS 2025 study by Mazar and Westmoreland shows Zika virus can eliminate both local and distant tumors in neuroblastoma mouse models.

Zika-based therapy for metastatic neuroblastoma with Tamarah Westmoreland, MD and Joseph Mazar, PhD

 and joined the MJH Life Sciences team in December 2019. She graduated from Youngstown State University in 2019 with a bachelor's degree in journalism and a minor in political science. Prior to graduating, Morgan worked as the editor-in-chief of her college newspaper. She went on to work as an assignment editor at a broadcast news station in Youngstown, Ohio before joining 

 You can reach her at mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com.

A UK study links maternal anemia in early pregnancy with increased congenital heart disease risk in offspring.

Maternal anemia in early pregnancy linked to higher risk of congenital heart disease in offspring

The decision makes pz-cel the first and only autologous cell-based gene therapy for the treatment of wounds in adult and pediatric patients with RDEB.

FDA approves pz-cel for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP, neonatologist, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours Children's Health. 

New research led by Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP, showed that 10.6% of newborns have iron deficiency, supporting a push for earlier screening.

Necessity for iron deficiency screenings at birth with Geetika Kennady, MD, FAAP

About Us

Advertise

Contact Us

Terms and Conditions

Privacy

Do Not Sell My Personal Information

Contemporary Pediatrics

Facebook

LinkedIn

Instagram

Clinical

Gynecology

Infectious disease

Mental Health

Oncology

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Sexual Health

View More

1rem

Authors

A previously healthy 16-year-old female patient presents with intermittent pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. The night before her symptoms started, she hit her chest on a door after a "fainting" episode.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma in an adolescent

**Editor's Note** Please note that starting January 1, 2025, we will be switching to an online-exclusive publication process. This will allow us to publish case submissions quicker without having to deal with the variables that come along with print publication. All cases will still be eligible for print publication consideration, but publication in our print magazine is not guaranteed and will be up to the editor's discretion. 

Do you have a puzzling pediatric case that you’d like to share with the readers of 

We are looking for intriguing diagnoses that have stumped the experts—a diagnostic “Puzzler”—to help our physicians enhance their day-to-day practices. If you have such a story to tell, tell us.

Here’s what to do: Before you begin, we suggest that first you review the Puzzler 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/case-studies

. Please note the specific style required for writing Puzzler manuscripts.

Next, prepare a draft of your case, including a summary of the presenting symptoms, a case overview, a 

table of the differential diagnosis (MANDATORY)

, and the special aspects of your case that qualify it as a Puzzler, and send it to us. Please note that the differential diagnosis table should also be discussed in the body text. We’ll review your draft and let you know what you need to add or revise before we send the manuscript to peer review for evaluation.

Puzzlers vary in length, and we suggest a minimum of 1,200 words up to a maximum of 2,000 words, but that is because of the complexity of some cases and whether some patients returned for many assessments before their diagnoses were determined. Also, some authors describe the pathophysiology of the differentials in great detail. Please also note no more than 3 authors are allowed per article.

What's most important is to show us the process that you used to analyze the case, including:

Why you decided to order certain tests and why you did not order others.

Peer consultations or why you elected to contact other specialists.

Lab values including vital signs or blood tests.

Labs and values if your patient was attended to in the emergency department or other hospital departments such as radiology or neurology.

Discussion related to the possible diagnoses.

Final diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up.

Remember to indicate numbered citations within the body of the text and include a complete list of corresponding literature/references at the end of the manuscript. (Do not use any citation management programs or unlink them.) 

Limit references to 25. No references (unless it is a seminal study) can be older than 10 years.

We prefer primary research as references, but some cases are so obscure that authors will need to pull from a variety of sources. However, 

. Be advised that peer reviewers are adamant that the disease/disorder you describe was actually diagnosed and not determined by index of suspicion on the basis of ruling out various differentials. We use AMA11 as our publication style, which uses superscript citation numbers and a corresponding numbered reference list. Please create your citations and references in this style.  Check this recent article posted online at 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/the-rx-of-adhd

 for examples of reference style. IMPORTANT NOTE WITH AMA 11TH EDITION: PLEASE PUT DOI OR WEBSITES/URLS AT THE END OF THE REFERENCE LINE.

When you send your draft manuscript, also 

. These image files must be high-resolution jpg or tiff files (minimum of 300 dpi) and as large in size as possible. We suggest a minimum of 7 horizontal inches. The images must be original photos with clear permissions to use, not images from copyrighted sources. Send as separate attachments with your e-mail submission; do not embed images into your manuscript document.

After we receive your manuscript, our editors and peer reviewers will review your draft and let you know if we accept your submission for publication. 

Puzzler is one of the departments for which we receive the most submissions, so it may be several months after submission before you receive feedback from us.

If we do accept your submission for publication, we will contact you with further instructions.

Send your submissions in Microsoft Word format to 

, via e-mail to mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com

Guidelines for PUZZLER, Contemporary Pediatrics

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis.

on Monday, January 6 at 12:00 PM ET for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis. 

This case was provided by Amar Davé, MD, FAAP and Pahroul Davé, APRN

A boy aged 10 years presented to the outpatient office with a history of painful nodules on the plantar surface of his bilateral feet 8 to 10 hours after spending time in a hot tub. He was unable to bear weight or put on socks and shoes due to his pain. The photos were taken soon after the painful and red papules appeared. The lesions affected the whole plantar aspect of both feet. Over the following 4 days, the nodules became less painful and red. 

Medical advice was sought on the fifth day of symptoms, and by this time, the child was improving clinically. He was stable with subcutaneous, mildly painful, fleshy nodules mostly populating the medial arch of the foot. His remaining clinical examination results were within a normal range. Further questioning of the child’s mother revealed that other children exposed to the hot tub experienced painful feet but without lesions. 

Due to the patient’s improving symptoms and the self-limiting nature of the illness, no tests or labs were ordered as the child was not acutely ill. No peer consultations or specialists were utilized.

Click here for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis, in a separate article.

The photos in this case were taken soon after the painful and red papules appeared.

News

Case Studies

Can you diagnose this boy with painful nodules on his feet?

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple-choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis.

This case was presented by Rutva Vora, BS; and Monica Guirguis, DO.

A 2-month-old female was born after an uneventful pregnancy at 40 weeks’ gestation via vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery to a G2P1011 female. The patient’s APGAR scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, at birth. No bleeding or other complications were reported during delivery. The newborn and mother were discharged two days after delivery without requiring NICU stay or interventions. The infant briefly developed a small soft palpable scalp swelling that resolved within days after delivery. The patient followed an otherwise uncomplicated growth progression since birth. She did exhibit mild reflux symptoms, which were managed with supportive care measures. Physical examination after delivery and subsequent exams revealed no abnormalities, including no signs of scalp swelling or injury.

At 8 weeks of age, the patient presented to the Emergency Department with a 3-day history of new-onset scalp swelling. The parents decided to seek medical attention after the swelling became noticeably enlarged. Parents denied any changes in her mental status, vomiting, fevers, lethargy, irritability, or any other new concerns. She did have symptoms of gassiness and fussiness that were unchanged from baseline. No history of trauma was reported, and there were no concerning signs suggestive of nonaccidental trauma. The patient appeared well, with a soft, fluctuant palpable subcutaneous fluid collection overlying the parieto-occipital scalp, without crossing suture lines. The anterior fontanelle was soft and non-bulging, and there was no hemotympanum.

Bleeding disorder (e.g. Von Willebrand Disease)

Can you diagnose this patient? Take our poll and find out! Then check back for the full case, differential diagnosis, and correct diagnosis.

Diagnose this 2-month-old with scalp swelling

Shorter antibiotic courses for AOM and CAP in children proved effective across a pediatric health system, according to data presented by Elysha Pifko, MD.

Decreasing antibiotics for acute otitis media and community acquired pneumonia, with Elysha Pifko, MD

At the 2025 Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, Elysha Pifko, MD, presented results of a quality improvement (QI) project aimed at reducing antibiotic duration for acute otitis media (AOM) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) across a large pediatric health care system. The initiative, titled 

“Decreasing Ambulatory Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Acute Otitis Media and Community Acquired Pneumonia within a Pediatric Integrated Healthcare System,”

 was implemented across 2 emergency departments (ED), 67 primary care (PC), and 3 urgent care (UC) sites in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Florida. 

“This was a quality improvement project that we have been working on for quite some time, and I've had really remarkable success,” said Pifko, assistant professor of Pediatrics at Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children. “This project is one of the first projects that really is enterprise-wide, meaning it's involving multiple different clinical care settings.”

The QI effort began as a pilot in the ED with an amoxicillin order panel for AOM. Following its success, a multidisciplinary team—including infectious disease specialists, pharmacists, nurses, and physicians—developed clinical pathways and order sets for both AOM and CAP. These tools standardized antibiotic choice and duration, guided by national recommendations favoring shorter treatment courses.

“We actually did in-person education for about 700 different providers… educating people about the order panels, order sets, the recommendations for these antibiotics and really [asked] 'what were our goals for the project,'” Pifko said.

From October 2023 to September 2024, data from 26,896 patients showed an increase in appropriate antibiotic duration from 51% to 83%, with no rise in repeat antibiotic prescriptions within 7 to 30 days—supporting the clinical effectiveness of shorter courses. Specifically, adherence rose from 59% to 81% for AOM and 39% to 72% for CAP. Average prescription durations decreased from 8.5 to 6.8 days for AOM and 7.6 to 6.0 days for CAP in eligible patients (1).

“Since shortening the course of recommended antibiotics, there's been no increase in those prescriptions… which really shows that these kids are still… being successfully treated,” Pifko noted.

A key success factor was monthly feedback reports to providers, which Pifko said “really can help sustain a change.”

 Elysha Pifko reports no relevant disclosures

Pifko E. Decreasing Ambulatory Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Acute Otitis Media and Community-Acquired Pneumonia within a Pediatric Integrated Healthcare System Abstract. Presented at: Pediatric Academic Societies 2025 Meeting; April 24-28, 2025. Honolulu, Hawaii.

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis. 

 on Monday, March 24, 2025 at 12:00 PM ET or later for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis. 

This case was provided by Muhammad Aamir Anees and Bernard A. Cohen, MD

Want more puzzler and dermatology cases? 

A healthy 9-year-old girl developed an asymptomatic eruption of discrete and confluent, 2 to 3 mm, hypopigmented papules in a linear pattern along the lines of Blaschko on the back of her left thigh and leg over the past 3 weeks. The lesions cleared without treatment 4 to 5 months later. 

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus

on Monday, March 24, 2025 at 12:00 PM ET or later for the full case presentation, differential diagnosis, and correct patient diagnosis.

Take your best guess and try to diagnose this 9-year-old girl's linear eruption on the back of her left thigh and leg. Stay tuned for the full case presentation and correct diagnosis! 

Poll: What's the diagnosis of this linear eruption on the leg of a 9-year-old girl?

Joshua Feder, MD, emphasizes that sensory play is most effective when rooted in relational strategies that support autistic children in daily environments.

Sensory play for children with autism, with Joshua Feder, MD

Pediatricians and caregivers can better support children with autism by rethinking sensory play not as a standalone tool, but as a relationship-driven strategy integrated into daily life, according to Joshua Feder, MD, executive director of Positive Development and associate clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UC San Diego School of Medicine. 

“Sensory play is not about just getting a bunch of sensory toys, right?” said Feder. “It’s really something that needs to be integrated into the holistic approach to the child.” He explained that understanding a child’s sensory profile—how they process external and internal stimuli—can help caregivers reduce overwhelm and support connection and communication.

Many children, Feder noted, are brought in for evaluation because of issues like irritability or perseveration, which may be misattributed to behavioral problems rather than sensory sensitivities. “What I really get concerned about is when people jump to medication for irritability, when many times those problems that the kids are having, have to do with their sensory experience,” he said. “They may be irritable because of the light in the room or the sound… or they may be inattentive because they’re not responding to their sensory environment.”

He encouraged clinicians to explore sensory factors before prescribing medication, particularly in cases involving irritability or attention issues. Feder added that interoception—awareness of internal sensations—is often overlooked but critical, and that cataloging sensory responses can guide targeted support.

“Once you understand all those different sensory differences, you can start to figure out, 'well, how do I help the child do better?'” he said. “Either pay attention to the things that [the child] otherwise wouldn’t… or help them to learn to tolerate the things that are in their environment that are very difficult.”

For families facing long wait times for evaluations and services, Feder emphasized the value of daily, mindful interaction. “If you can help people to be mindful and curious about the child’s experience… you can think about what might be helpful to the child to expand their world a little bit and their tolerance,” he said.

While professional guidance from trained occupational therapists or developmental specialists is ideal, he added, “you can do that through your own play, your own relationship.”

Emma Batchelder, MD

Articles

Latest Updated Articles